Trailblazers across various fields – astronomy, medicine, architecture – the ancient Egyptians also distinguished themselves as innovators. Below, we highlight some of their “pharaonic patents”:
Papyrus
While not identical to its contemporary counterpart, ancient Egyptians developed an early form of paper using papyrus, derived from the plant Cyperus papyrus.
Utilizing this abundant resource from the swampy regions of the Nile delta since the inception of the first dynasty, they fashioned durable and flexible writing surfaces, laying the groundwork for modern paper.
Contraception
Paintings dating back to 3000 BC depict men using what appears to be primitive condoms made from animal guts or skin. While the exact function – whether contraceptive or ritualistic – remains unclear, the design bears resemblance to modern iterations. Consequently, information regarding contraceptive practices in ancient Egypt remains scarce and fragmented.
Orthopedic Innovations
Archaeological findings in Egypt include early prosthetics, such as a toe prosthesis dating to 600 BC, and splints designed for fracture healing from Dynasty V (2400 BC).
Tomb paintings illustrating the use of crutches hint at an understanding of mobility aids, while medical records reveal treatments for dislocations and skeletal deformities. Techniques like traction, manipulation, and massage were integral to these therapeutic interventions, showcasing the ancient Egyptians’ comprehensive approach to healthcare.
Solar Calendar
The Egyptian solar calendar stood as one of the oldest and most sophisticated timekeeping systems in ancient history. Initially developing a lunar calendar, they later crafted a more precise one known as the civil calendar. Comprising twelve months, each with thirty days, it also included an additional five days at the end.
Road Construction
The necessity to transport large stone blocks from quarries to pyramids and temples spurred the innovation of paving roads with segments of limestone, sandstone, and petrified wood logs.
Cosmetics
Ancient Egyptians of both genders valued grooming and appearance. They groomed their hair, shaved, and adorned themselves with makeup. Among the most renowned cosmetics of ancient Egypt was kohl, a black eyeliner applied around the eyes for both aesthetic enhancement and protection against the harsh sun and insects.
Kohl was crafted from a blend of natural substances like galena, lead ore, and powdered minerals, mixed with animal fat or vegetable oils. Additionally, they prioritized oral hygiene, using toothpicks as toothbrushes and a blend of mint, myrrh, cinnamon, and honey essences to maintain fresh breath.
Source: José Ángel Martos, Muy Interesante
